In research theory, which statement best describes a theory?

• A. It is a random collection of facts
• B. It is a system of ideas intended to explain something; describe, explain, predict
• C. It is a single observation
• D. It is a set of experimental procedures

Answer: (B)

A theory in research is a system of ideas that ties together observations to explain why things happen, describes how they relate, and predicts what will happen in new situations. This makes it more than a collection of facts or a single observation, and more than just a set of experimental procedures; it provides a framework for interpreting data and generating testable hypotheses. For example, a theory about how people learn from observing others helps describe observed behaviors, explain the conditions under which imitation occurs, and predict when imitation is likely to happen. If facts can’t be integrated into an overarching explanation or lack predictive power, they don’t meet the idea of a theory.